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Short
Overview of the American Psychological Association's (APA) and
the Modern Language Association's (MLA) Rules for Writing
Bibliographical Citations
What is a Bibliography?
Bibliography (Greek bibliographia,
“writing of books”), originally the writing or copying of
books. Over the centuries, the meaning of the word has evolved
to “a list of books or other forms of written material, or the
technique of compiling such a list”. A bibliography is a list of
works, including books, journals, magazines, essays, Internet
documents, newspaper articles, reference works, government
documents, etc., on a particular subject.
There are certain types of information that
are supplied in a bibliography, such as author(s), titles(s),
edition(s), and dates and places of publication. Although there
are several bibliographical formats, examples of the two major
formats, American Psychological Association (APA) 5th
edition and Modern Language Association (MLA) are provided. Be
sure to check with your instructor to see which format is to be
used.
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Book: Single author |
|
APA |
Clark, C., C. (2000).
Integrating complementary health procedures into
practice. New York:
Springer Publishing Company. |
|
MLA |
Clark, C., C. Integrating
Complementary Health Procedures into Practice.
|
|
Book: Two or more authors |
|
APA |
Mindell, E., & Hopkins, V. (1998).
Prescription alternatives. New Canaan,
CT: Keats Publishing
Company. |
|
MLA |
|
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Book: Second or later edition |
|
APA |
Orem, D. (1980). Nursing:
Concepts of practice, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill. |
|
MLA |
Orem, D. Nursing: Concepts of
Practice. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1980. |
|
Book: Corporate author |
|
APA |
American Nurses Association.
(1987). Standards and scope of gerontological
nursing practice.
Kansas City: American Nurses Association. |
|
MLA |
American Nurses Association.
Standards and Scope of Gerontological
Nursing Practice.
Kansas City: American Nurses Association, 1987. |
|
Book: Anthology or compilation |
|
APA |
Peterson, M., D. & White, D., L.
(Eds.). (1989). Health care of the elderly:
an information source book.
Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. |
|
MLA |
Peterson, M., D., and D. L. White,
eds. Health Care of the Elderly: An
Information Source Book.
Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1989. |
|
Chapter in anthology or compilation |
|
APA |
Brock, A. M. (1991). Economics of
aging. In E. Murrow (Ed.), Perspectives
on gerontological nursing
(pp. 170). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. |
|
MLA |
Brock, A. M. “Economics of Aging.”
Perspectives on Gerontological
Nursing. Ed. E.
Murrow. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1991. 170. |
|
Signed magazine article |
|
APA |
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9).
Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31. |
|
MLA |
Henry, W. A., III. “Beyond the
Melting Pot.” Time 9 Apr. 1990: 28-31. |
|
Unsigned magazine article |
|
APA |
The decade of the spy. (1994, March
7). Newsweek, 26-27. |
|
MLA |
“The Decade of the Spy.”
Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27. |
|
Journal article, continuous pagination |
|
APA |
Corsello, S. (1998 Feb-Mar). The ideal clinic. Reversing lupus
and diabetes.
Alternative
Medicine Digest,
22: 44-8, 51-3. |
|
MLA |
Corsello, S. “The Ideal Clinic. Reversing Lupus and Diabetes.”
Alternative
|
|
Journal article, non-continuous pagination |
|
APA |
Huckstadt, A.
A. (2002, Sep). The experience of hospitalized elderly
patients.
Journal
of Gerontological Nursing,
28(9): 24-9. |
|
MLA |
|
|
Signed newspaper article |
|
APA |
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).
Obesity affects economic, social status.
The Washington Post,
pp. A1, A4. |
|
MLA |
|
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Unsigned newspaper article |
|
APA |
Nursing shortage targeted. (2001,
November 14). Asbury Park Press,
|
|
MLA |
“Nursing Shortage Targeted.”
Asbury Park Press 14 Nov. 2001: C9, C12. |
|
Signed newspaper editorial |
|
APA |
Blakeney, Barbara. (2003,
July/August). ANA well-positioned to do the
work of nursing [Editorial].
The American Nurse, p. 4. |
|
MLA |
Blakeney, Barbara. “ANA
well-positioned to do the work of nursing.”
Editorial. The American
Nurse July/August, 2003: 4. |
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Unsigned newspaper editorial |
|
APA |
Hospitals resist reform, work new
doctors too hard. (1998, May 28).
[Editorial]. USA Today,
p. A12. |
|
MLA |
“Hospitals Resist Reform, Work New
Doctors Too Hard.” Editorial.
USA Today 28 May 1998:
A12. |
|
Government publication |
|
APA |
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. (1998). New motor vehicles and
new motor vehicle engines
air pollution control” Voluntary Standards
for light-duty vehicles.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. |
|
MLA |
United States Environmental
Protection Agency. New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines
Air Pollution Control: Voluntary Standards
For Light-Duty Vehicles.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1998. |
|
Signed article in reference work |
|
APA |
Fairbanks, V. (2001). Iron
deficiency. In Williams Hematology (6th.
ed).
New York: McGraw Hill.
[Chapter 38, pp. 447-470.] |
|
MLA |
Fairbanks, Virgil. “Iron
Deficiency.” Williams Hematology. 6th.
ed.
New York: McGraw Hill, 2001. |
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Unsigned article in reference work |
|
APA |
Emergency and trauma care. (1999).
In Medical surgical nursing:Total
patient care, 1999
(pp.517-555). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. |
|
MLA |
“Emergency and Trauma Care.”
Medical Surgical Nursing: Total
Patient Care. St.
Louis, Missouri: Mosby, 1999. |
|
Personal interview |
|
APA |
Rivera, J. (2000, March 24).
[Personal interview]. |
|
MLA |
Rivera, Julian. Personal interview.
24 Mar. 2000. |
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Letter or e-mail communication |
|
APA |
Wodicka, K. (kathyw@stti.iupui.edu).
(2003, October 2). 37th Biennial
Convention Presider
Information. E-mail to S. Torres
|
|
MLA |
Wodicka, Kathy. E-mail to the
author. 2 Oct. 2003. |
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Speech or lecture |
|
APA |
Chan, Y.H. (2000, March 17). Water
pollution. [Lecture]. In Geography 212:
Environmental science.
University of Florida. |
|
MLA |
Chan, Yi-Huang. Lecture on water
pollution. Geography 212:
Environmental
Science. University of Florida 17 Mar. 2000. |
|
Television program |
|
APA |
Bradley, E. (Narrator). (1998, May
31). Crazy like a fox? In 60 minutes.
New York: CBS. |
|
MLA |
“Crazy Like a Fox?” Narr. Ed
Bradley. 60 Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York.
31, May 1998. |
|
Film |
|
APA |
Mock, F.L. (Director). (1995).
Maya Lin: A strong clear vision [Film]. Santa
Monica, CA: American Film
Foundation. |
|
MLA |
“Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision.”
Dir. Freida Lee Mock. Santa Monica:
American Film Foundation,
1995. |
|
CD-ROM publication |
|
APA |
Roundy, R.W. (1994). Ethiopia. In
Compton’s interactive encyclopedia
(Version 2.01). Available:[CD-ROM].
Carlsbad, CA: Compton’s
NewMedia, Inc. |
|
MLA |
Roundy, Robert W. “Ethiopia.”
Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia.
CD-ROM. Carlsbad, CA:
Compton’s NewMedia, Inc., 1994. |
|
World Wide Web document |
|
APA |
Reuters Health. (1999,k October
26). Chinese herbal medicines gaining
acceptance in West. Retrieved
November 2, 1999 from
http://www.acupunture.com/News/Reuters_Health_NY.htm. |
|
MLA |
Reuters Health. “Chinese Herbal
Medicines Gaining Acceptance in West.”
2 Nov. 1999 [last update].
http://www.acupunture.com/News/Reuters_Health_NY.htm
26 Oct. 1999. |
updated:
November 4, 2009
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