Date:  May 23, 2012

Presentation: "Vascular Cognitive Impairment" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia", by P. B. Goerlick, et. al, Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 2672-2713.(Free Full-Text)

"Memory after silent stroke", by S. Blum, et. al., Neurology, 2012, vol. 78, pp. 38-46  (available in MD Consult) 

Date:  May 9, 2012

Presentation: "Intracranial Branch Atheromatous Disease" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Intracranial branch atheromatous disease", by L. R. Caplan, Neurology, 1989, vol. 39, pp. 1246-1250 (available from Facilitator)

 -"Branch occlusive disease",  by S. Ryoo, et. al., Neurology, 2012, vol. 78, pp. 888-896 (available in MD Consult) 

Date:  April 25, 2012

Presentation: "Spinal Cord Stroke" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Spinal cord ischemia", by J. Novy, et. al., Arch Neurol, 2006, vol. 63, pp. 1113-1120 (free full-text)

-"Recovery after spinal cord infarcts:  Long-term outcome in 115 patients", by C. E. Robertson, et. al., Neurology, 2012, vol. 78, pp. 114-121 (available in MD Consult)

Date:  April 11, 2012

Presentation: "Anomalies and brain hemorrhages" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"The natural history and predictive features of hemorrhage from brain arteriovenous malformations", by L. da Costa, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 100-105 (free full-text)

-"Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations", by J. van Beijnum, et. al., JAMA, 2011, vol. 306, pp. 2011-2019   Article is available from Facilitator or in print at Lee Memorial Hospital Medical Library

-"The presentation and clinical course of intracranial developmental venous anomalies in adults", by J. M. L. Hon, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1980-1985 (free full-text)

-"Hemorrhage from cavernous malformations of the brain", by R. A-S. Salman, et. al., Stroke, 2008, vol. 39, pp. 3222-3230 (free full-text)

Date:  March 28, 2012

Presentation:  "Special Types of Brain Hemorrhages (3 of 3)" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults", by P. C. Gates, et. al., Stroke, 1986, vol. 17, pp. 872-877 (free full-text)

-"Management of intraventricular hemorrhage", by H. E. Hinson, et. al., Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2010, vol. 10, pp. 73-82 (free full-text)

-"The clinical conundrum of convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage", by C. S. Case and T. N. Nguyen, Neurology, 2010, vol. 74, pp. 874-875 (available in MD Consult)

-"Clinical presentation, etiology, and long-term prognosis in patients with nontraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage", by M. Beitzke, et. al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 3055-30-60 (free full-text)

-"Life expectancy after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage", by P. Greebe and G. J. E. Rinkel, Stroke, 2007, vol. 38, pp. 1222-1224 (free full-text)

-"Long term outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology", by L. M. Pyysalo, et. al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2011, vol. 82, pp. 1264-1266 (free full-text)

Date:  March 14, 2012

Presentation:  "Special Types of Brain Hemorrhages (2 of 3)" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update", by M-G. Bousser and J.M. Ferro, Lancet Neurology, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 162-70

"Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis", by G. Saposnik, et. al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 1158-1192 (available in OVID)

"Mortality of cerebral venous-sinus thrombosis in a large national sample", by A. B. Haghighi, et. al., Stroke, 2012, vol. 43, pp. 262-264 (available in OVID)

Date:  February 29, 2012

Presentation:  "Spontaneous Brain hemorrhages - Part V : Special Types of Brain Hemorrhages (1 of 2)" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis--results of the Internation Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT)" by J. M. Ferro, et. al., Stroke 2004, vol. 35, pp. 664-670 (free full-text)

"Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update", by M-G. Bousser, J. M. Ferro, Lancet Neurol, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 162-170 (available in ProQuest)

"Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis", by J. M. Ferro, et. al., Stroke, 2008, vol. 39, pp. 1152-1158 (free full-text)

"Brain lesions in cerebral venous thrombosis", by A. Y. Zubkov, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1509-1511 (free full-text)

"Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in women", by J. M. Coutinho, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 2356-2361 (free full-text)

Date:  February 15, 2012

Presentation:  "Spontaneous Brain Hemorrhage - Part IV : Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage", by J. B. Bederson, et al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 994-1025 (free full-text)

"Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage", by T. Al-Khindi, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 3519-3536 (free full-text)

"Long-term outcomes of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage", by B. J. E. Rinkel and A. Algra, Lancet Neurology, 2011, vol. 10, pp. 349-356 (available in ProQuest)

"Does treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 hours improve clinical outcome?", by T. J. Phillips, et al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 1936-1945 (available in OVID)

Date:  January 25, 2012

Presentation:  "Spontaneous Brain Hemorrhages - Part III: Lobar Brain Hemorrhages" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Is hypertension a more frequent risk factor for deep than lobar supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage?", by c. A. Jackson and C. L. M. Sudlow, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 2006, voll. 77 pp. 1244-1252 (free full-text)

"Microbleeds and the risk of recurrent stroke", by V. Thijs, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2005-2009 (free full-text)

"Microbleeds are associated with subsequent hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in healthy elderly individuals", by H. Bokura, et al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 1867-1871 (available at OVID)

Date:  January 11, 2012

Presentation:  "Stroke Presentations and Stroke Alerts" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Recommendations for imaging of acute ischemic stroke", by R. E. Latchaw, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 3646-3678 (free full-text)

"Evidence-based guideline: the role of diffusion and perfusion MRI for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke", by P. D. Schellinger, et al., Neurology, 2010, vol. 75, pp. 177-185 (free full-text)

Date:  December 28, 2011

Presentation:  "Spontaneous Brain Hemorrhages - Part II: sICH-2" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with cancer", by B. B. Navie, et. al., Neurology, 2010, vol. 74, pp. 494-501 (free full-text)

"Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage", by L. B. Morgenstern, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2108-2129 (free full-text)

"Intracerebral hemorrhage and warfarin: perceived versus actual risk", by A. Banerjee and G. Y. H. Lip, Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 2383-2384 (free full-text)

"Intracerebral hematoma expansion", by S. Chaturvedi and S. M. Greenber, Neurology, 2011, vol. 76, pp. 1204-1205 (available in MD Consult)

Date:  December 14, 2011

Presentation:  "Spontaneous Brain Hemorrhages - Part I: Intracerebral Hemorrhage" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults", by J. Broderick, et al., Stroke, 2007, vol. 38, pp. 2001-2023 (available in OVID)

"Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage", by L. B. Morgenstern, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2108-2129 (available in OVID)

Date:  Nov 23, 2011

Presentation:  Hypertension and Stroke (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Framingham study insights on the hazards of elevated blood pressure", by W. B. Kannel and P. A. Wolf, JAMA, 2008, vol. 300, pp. 2545-2547

-"The (pre)hypertension limbo", by A. Towfight and G. Kelley, Neurology, 2011, vol. 77, pp. 1322-1323 (Available in MDConsult)

-"Presence of baseline prehypertension and risk of incident stroke", by M. Lee, et. al., Neurology, 2011, vol. 77, pp. 1330-1337 (Available in MDConsult)

Date:  November 9, 2011

Presentation: "Cardiogenic Emboli: Part V--Valvular Heart Disease, PFOs, and Related Topics"  (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

"Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management", by K. Maganti, et. al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2010, vol. 85, pp. 483-500 (available in ProQuest)

Date:  Oct 26, 2011

Presentation:  "Cardiogenic Emboli:  Part IV" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Chronic heart failure and ischemic stroke", by K. G. Haeusler, et. al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 2977-2982 (Available in OVID)

Date:  October 12, 2011

Presentation:  "Cardiogenic Emboli:  Part III" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Suggested Reading:

-"Current status of stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation", by R. G. Hart and L. A. Pearce, Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp 2607-2610

-"ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation", by V. Fuster, et. al., Circulation, 2006, vol. 114, pp 700-752

-"2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation", by L. S. Wann, et. al., Circulation, 2011, vol. 123, pp 104-123 and 1144-1150

Date: September 28, 2011

Presentation:  "Cardiogenic Emboli II" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Cardiogenic brain embolism", by Cerebral Embolism Task Force, Arch Neurol, 1986, vol. 43, pp 71-84 (see Facilitator)

"Cardiogenic brain embolism.  The second part of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force", by Cerebral Embolism Task Force, Arch Neurol, 1989, vol. 46, pp 727-743 (see Facilitator)

 "'Spectacular shrinking deficit': Rapid recovery from a major hemispheric syndrome by migration of an embolus", by K. Minematsu, et al., Neurology, 1992, vol. 42, pp.157-162 (see Facilitator)

Date: September 7, 2011

Presentation:  "Cardiogenic Emboli I" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Cardiogenic brain embolism", by Cerebral Embolism Task Force, Arch Neurol, 1986, vol. 43, pp 71-84 (see Facilitator)

"Cardiogenic brain embolism.  The second part of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force", by Cerebral Embolism Task Force, Arch Neurol, 1989, vol. 46, pp 727-743 (see Facilitator)

 "Brain embolism is a dynamic process with variable characteristics", by V. L. Babikian, et. al., Neurology, 2000, vol. 54, pp 797-801 (available in MD Consult)

Date:  Aug 24, 2011

Presentation:  "Another Set of Cases:  Levels at Which Stroke-Specific Care Could Have Been Advanced ” - PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document

Suggested Reading:

-"2011 Guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease", by T. G. Brott, et. al., Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, in press May 2011

Date: August 17, 2011

Place: HPMC, Suite 120

Presentation:

"Large Subcortical Hemispheric Infarction" - PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Large subcortical hemispheric infarctions.  Presentation and prognosis", by R. L. Levine, et al., Archives of Neurology, 1988, vol. 45, pp. 1074-1077 (available from the facilitator)

"Observation of the lenticulostriate arteries in the human brain in vivo using 7.oT MR angiography", by Z-H.  Cho, et al., Stroke, 2008, vol. 39 pp. 1604-1606

Date: July 27, 2011

Presentation:

"Cerebral Microbleeds (CMBs)" - (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Cerebral microbleeds in MRI.  Prevalence, associations, and potential clinical implications", by H. C. Koennecke, Neurology, 2006, vol. 66, pp. 165-171 (available in MD Consult)

"Cerebral microbleeds are associated with lacunar stroke", by J. M. Wardlaw, et al., Stroke, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 2633-2636 (Free Full-Text)

"Cerebral microhemorrhage", by A. Viswanathan and H. Chabriat, Stroke, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 550-555 (Free Full-Text)

"Microbleeds and risk of recurrent stroke", by V. Thijs, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2005-2009 (available in OVID)

"Cerebral microbleeds are predictive of mortality in the elderly", by I. jAltmann-Schneider, et. al, Stroke, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 638-644 (available in OVID)

Date: July 12, 2011

Presentation:

 "Small Vessel Disease: Leukoaraiosis" - (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Incidental subcortical lesions identified on MRI in the elderly. I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors", by I. Awad, et., al., Stroke, 1986, vol. 17,  pp. 1084-1089 (Free Full-Text)

"Incidental subcortical lesions identified on MRI in the elderly.  II.  Postmortem pathological correlation", by I. Awad, e. al., Stroke, 1986, vol. 17. pp. 1090-1097 (Free Full-Text)

"Leuko-araiosis", by V. C. Hachinski, et al., Archives of Neurology, 1978, vol. 44, pp. 21-23 (available from facilitator)

"Leukoaraiosis: the brain under pressure.  Target for treatment?", by M. D. Hill and J. D. Bisognano, Neurology, 2005, vol. 64, pp. 1832-1833 (available in MD Consult)

"Cerebral microbleeds in MRI.  Prevalence, associations, and potential clinical implications", by H. C. Koennecke, Neurology, 2006, vol. 66, pp. 165-171 (available in MD Consult)

"Cerebral microhemorrhage", by A. Viswanathan and H. Chabriat, Stroke, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 550-555 (Free Full-Text)

"Microbleeds and risk of recurrent stroke", by V. Thijs, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2005-2009 (available in OVID)

Date: June 21, 2011

Presentation:

"Small, Deep Ischemic Stroke" - (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Are lacunar strokes really different? A systematic review of differences in risk factor profiles between lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts", by C. Jackson and C. Sudlow, Stroke, 2005, vol. 36, pp. 891-901 (free full-text)

"Differing risk factor profiles of ischemic stroke subtypes.  Evidence for a distinct lacunar arteriopathy?", by c. A. Jackson, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 624-629 (free full-text)

"Diversity of single small subcortical infarctions according to infarct location and parent artery disease. Analysis of indicators for small vessel disease and arthrosclerosis", by H. W. Nah, et al., Stroke, vol. 41, pp. 2822-2827 (available in OVID)

Date: June 8, 2011

Presentation:

"Noisy Not Nice: Asymptomatic Carotid Disease" -  (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults", by P. Greenland, et. al., Circulation, 2010, vol. 122, pp. 2748-2764 (available in OVID)

"10-year stroke prevention after successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis (ACST-1)", by A. Halliday, et. al., Lancet, 2010, vol. 376, pp. 1074-1084 (free full-text)

"Low risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment", by L. Marquardt, et. al., Stroke, vol. 41, pp. 311-117 (free full-text)

Date: May 25, 2011

Presentation:

"A Change in Gears: Some Cases for Discussion" -  (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

No specific reading required for these cases

Date: May 11, 2011

Presentation:

"Low Flow" TIA/Stroke Events, (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

“The pathophysiology of watershed infarction in internal carotid artery disease”, by I. Momijian-Mayor and J-C. Baron, Stroke, 2005, vol. 36, pp. 567-577 (Free Full-Text)

“Haemodynamic stroke:  clinical features, prognosis, and management”, by C. J. M. Klijn and L. J. Kappelle, Lancet Neurol, 2010, vol. 9, pp 1008-1017 (available in ProQuest)

“Watershed infarcts in transient ischemic attack/minor stroke with >50% carotid stenosis”, by R. R. Moustafa, et. al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 1410-1416 (available in OVID)

Date: April 13, 2011

Presentation:

"Large Vessel Atherosclerosis: part V - Vertebral Artery Extracranial Vascular Disease" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"2011 Guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease", by T. G. Bortt, et al., Stroke, in press 2011, vol. 42 (available at OVID)

Date: March 30, 2011

Presentation:

"Large Vessel Atherosclerosis: part IV - Aortic Arch Atheroma" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Protecting the brains of patients after heart surgery", by L. R. Caplan, Archives of Neurology, 2001, vol. 58, pp.549-550 (see Facilitator)

"Atherosclerotic disease of the proximal aorta and the risk of vascular events in a population-based cohort: the Aortic Plaques and Risk of Ischemic Stroke (APRIS) Study", by C. Russo, et al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 2313-2318 (Free full-text)

"Complex plaques in the proximal descending aorta: an ultrasound embolic source of stroke", by A. Harloff, et al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 1145-1161 (available at OVID)

"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease", by L. F. Hiratzka, et. al., Circulation, 2010, vol. 121, pp. 1544-1579 (available at OVID)

Date: February 9, 2011

Presentation:

Urgent Preventive Strategies Following a TIA, by Ross Levine, MD, FAHA, FAAN (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Short-term prognosis after Emergency Department diagnosis of TIA", by S. C. Johnston, et. al., JAMA, 2000, vol. 284, pp. 2901-2906

"Factors associated with a high risk of recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke", by A. Ois, et. al, Stroke, 2008, vol. 38, pp. 1717-1721

Date: January 26, 2011

Presentation:

Large vessel athero: part III - Intracranial athero (ICAD) (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Warfarin-Aspiring Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial I.  Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic arterial stenosis", by M. I. Chomowitz, et al., NEJM, 2005, vol. 352, pp. 1305-1316. (free full-text)

"A systematic review on outcome after stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis", by K. Groschel, et al. Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, e340-e347 (free full-text)

"Failure of antithrombotic therapy and risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis", by T. N. Turan, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 505-509 (free full-text)

"Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis", by B. M. Famakin, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1999-2003 (free full-text)

Date: January 12, 2011

Presentation:

"Large vessel atherosclerosis: Part III - Intracranial athero (ICAD)" (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Warfarin-Aspiring Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial I.  Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic arterial stenosis", by M. I. Chomowitz, et al., NEJM, 2005, vol. 352, pp. 1305-1316.

"Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenosis: the GESICA study", by M. Mazighi, et al., Neurology, 2006, vol. 66, pp. 1187-1191.(available in MD Consult)

"Risk factor status and vascular events in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis", by S. M. Chaturvedi, et. al, Naurology, 2007, vol. 69, pp. 2063-2068. (available in MD Consult)

"Early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack among individuals with symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis", by B. Ovbiagele, et. al., Archives of Neurology, 2008, vol. 65, pp. 733-737.

"A systematic review on outcome after stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis", by K. Groschel, et. al, Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, e340-e347. (available in OVID)

"Failure of antithrombotic therapy and risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis", by T. N. Turan, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 505-509. (available in OVID)

"Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis", by B. M. Famakin, et. al., Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1999-2003. (available in OVID)

Date: December 15, 2010

Presentation: "Large vessel atherosclerosis: Part II - Carotid arteries and beyond (first section)",  by Ross L. Levine, MD, FAHA, FAAN  (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

"Large vessel atherosclerosis: Part II - Carotid arteries and beyond (last section)", by Ross L. Levine, MD, FAHA, FAAN (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council", by J. Biller, et al., Circulation, 1998, vol. 97, pp. 501-509 (available in OVID)

"Carotid plaque surface irregularity predicts ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study", by S. Prabhakaran, et at., Stroke, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 2696-2701 (available in OVID)

"Systematic review of the operative risks for carotid endarterectomy for recently symptomatic stenosis in relation to the timing of surgery", by K. Rerkasem and P. M. Rothwell, Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, e456-e572

"The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trail (CREST): stenting versus carotid endarterectomy for carotid disease", by V. A. Mantese, et al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. S31-S34 (available in OVID)

"Contemporary results of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis", by K. Woo, et al., Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 975-979 (available in OVID)

"The International Carotid Stenting Study and the North American Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial: fueling the debate about carotid artery stenting", by J. Berkefeld and S. Chaturvedi, Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 2714-2715 (available in OVID)

Date: December 8, 2010

Presentation: "Large vessel athero: Part I - Carotid arteries and beyond", by Ross L. Levine, MD, FAHA, FAAN  (PowerPoint presentation converted to PDF document)

Required reading:

"Thrombotic and embolic occlusions of the carotid arteries in autopsy material", by A. Torvik and L. Jorgensen", Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1964, vol. 1, pp. 24-39 and 1966, vol. 3, pp. 410-432 and 1969, vol. 9, pp. 285-320 (See Facilitator)

"Mechanisms of acute carotid stroke", by M. S. Pessin, et al., Annals of Neurology, 1979, vol. 6, pp. 245-252 (See Facilitator)

"Pathophysiology of extracranial cerebral arterial stenosis - a critical review", by P. A. Grady, Stroke, 1984, vol. 15, pp. 224-236 (available in OVID)

"Pathogenesis of carotid thrombosis", by A. Torvik, et al., Stroke, 1989, vol. 20, pp. 1477-1483 (available in OVID)

"Ischemia of the vertebrobasilar territory: mechanisms and practical considerations", by G. Saposnik and L. R. Caplan, Revue Neurologique, 2001, vol. 33, pp. 854-864 (See Facilitator)

"Acute stroke patterns in patients with internal carotid artery disease", by K. Szabo, et al., Stroke, 2001, vol. 32, pp. 1323-1329 (available in OVID)